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Careful With Indirects needs-teacher
Some verbs like to look ལྟ་བ་ or to listen ཉན་པ་ take a ལ་དོན་ on the object.
- Is there a trick to know which verbs take ལ་དོན་?
- When deciding between སའི་ and པའི་ for relativizing do we do it based on (1) whether the object is direct / indirect or (2) whether the object takes ལ་དོན་ or not?
Example: The book which I am looking at is very expensive then which one would be?
- ངས་ལྟ་བཞིན་པའི་དེབ་དེ་གོང་ཆེན་པོ་འདུག
- ངས་ལྟ་སའི་དེབ་དེ་གོང་ཆེན་པོ་འདུག
I was using Claude to see what ལ་དོན་ cases apply to the sentences we are dealing with at our level and I extracted this. Which effectively destroys the mental rule I had that direct objects are not marked with ལ་དོན་. My SLC friend then with the example sentence above made me rethink.
The three case-functions the la-don covers:
2nd case — las su bya ba (ལས་སུ་བྱ་བ་), the object/patient. This is the la-don’s “direct object” use, as with ལྟ་: ཁོ་ལ་ལྟ་ (kho la lta) “look at him” — ལ་ marks the patient.
4th case — dgos ched (དགོས་ཆེད་), the dative/recipient/beneficiary. This is the “indirect object” use: ཁོ་ལ་དེབ་སྤྲོད་ (kho la deb sprod) “give the book to him” — ལ་ marks the recipient (him), while the book (དེབ་) is a bare absolutive direct object.
7th case — gnas gzhi (གནས་གཞི་), the locative (“in / at / on”): ནང་ལ་ (nang la) “inside,” ཁྲི་ལ་ (khri la) “on the throne.”
Is this valid? How do we write relative clauses for each case then?
Clauses Eating Information needs-teacher
With verbs of motion, when building a relative clause, the prepositions, like ལ་དོན་ or ནས་ get lost, they fall. Those particles play a key role since the meaning can change a lot of it were a ནས་ instead of a ལ་. How can we retain the meaning, for example:
I jumped from that stone. That stone is wet.
ང་རྡོ་དེ་ནས་མཆོང་བ་ཡིན། རྡོ་དེ་སྐམ་པོ་འདུག
Careful! The stone from which I jumped is wet!
གཟབ་གཟབ་བྱེད་ཨ། ང་རྡོ་མཆོང་སའི་དེ་སྐམ་པོ་འདུག
I jumped to that stone. That stone is wet.
ང་རྡོ་དེ་ལ་མཆོང་བ་ཡིན། རྡོ་དེ་སྐམ་པོ་འདུག
Careful! The stone on to which I jumped is wet!
གཟབ་གཟབ་བྱེད་ཨ། ང་རྡོ་མཆོང་སའི་དེ་སྐམ་པོ་འདུག
Similarly it happens with other verbs of motions like རྒྱུགས་པ་ or མོ་ཊ་གཏང་
- The place I am running to is X
- The place I’m running from is X
- I forgot the name of the city from which I drove
- I forgot the name of the city to which I drove
Not only that but also how can you retain the prepositional information with verbs like གཞག་ to put or ལངས་ to stand in those cases:
The table under of which I put my bag is dirty.
ངས་ལྟོ་ཕད་གཞག་སའི་ཅོག་ཙེ་དེ་བཙོག་པ་འདུག
- Where do we put the འོག་ལ་? Maybe ངས་ལྟོ་ཕད་འོག་ཕྱོགས་ལ་གཞག་སའི་ཅོག་ཙེ་དེ་བཙོག་པ་འདུག?
The seat in front of which I am standing is empty.
ང་མདུན་ཕྱོགས་ལ་ལངས་སའི་རྐུབ་ཀྱག་དེ་སྟོང་པ་རེད།
However this doesn’t happen with the non-verb to have or to be:
That pen that is on the table is it yours?
ཅོག་ཙེ་སྒང་ལ་ཡོད་པའི་སྨྱུ་གུ་དེ་ཁྱེད་རང་གི་རེད་པས།
Predisposition
Today I have learned བག་ཆགས། which refers to predisposition one has at doing something. This word came up in the context of discussing that learning Tibetan in this live would make learning it next life easier. The dictionary lists this word as predisposing latency which I love how it stirs into this direction.
To consider
I’ve learned a new verb: to consider རྩི་པ་. When speaking about རྣམ་ཏོག་ and རྟེན་འབྲལ་ my tutor used it many times. My family doesn’t consider (or hold as important) supersticious phenomena.
To offer yourself to do something: ཆོག་ versus དགོས་
It seems ཆོག་ is more formal and less used in colloquial than དགོས་. As an example: I will give you one:
- ཁྱེད་རང་ལ་གཅིག་སྤྲད་དགོས།
- ཁྱེད་རང་ལ་གཅིག་སྤྲད་ཆོག